Longitudinal macro-analysis of car-use changes resulting from a TOD-type project: The case of Metro do Porto (Portugal)

Transit-oriented development has been widely studied in recent years as a means to reduce car trips and promote sustainable transport modes. However, longitudinal studies on the matter are still rare. This paper contributes research of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) effects travel behavior by analyzing evolution number after implementation light-rail metro system Porto region (Portugal). As Metro do is large infrastructure project (a network 67 km), we relied macro-analysis performed at civil parish level. Changes evaluated using difference-in-differences model, extended spatial model account for metro's spillover effects. These became obvious ridership reported not only directly metro-served parishes but also adjacent non-served parishes. The results highlight importance reducing trips, this effect visible neighboring ones, which served new system. Furthermore, compare performance predominantly with TOD stations those transit-adjacent (TAD) park-and-ride (P&R) stations. We conclude that both station types can yet generated significant other potentially influential factors like building density or socio-economic characteristics discussed.